Well Water in Lehigh County: What to Test and Why

Groundwater in Lehigh County contains iron, radon, and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFOA, PFOS, PFNA, PFHXS) that well owners should be aware of. Several of these contaminants, along with chloride, sulfate, and additional PFAS compounds, exceed EPA health standards and warrant attention.

These contaminants come from multiple sources tied to the county's geology and land use. Radon forms naturally as uranium in the carbonate bedrock decays over time. Iron dissolves into groundwater as water moves slowly through cracks in the limestone and carbonate rock. PFAS chemicals are industrial compounds that have been released into the environment through manufacturing, firefighting activities, and landfills, and they persist in groundwater because they break down very slowly. Chloride and sulfate enter from road salt applied to highways and from the dissolution of natural minerals in the rock itself.

Groundwater in this county is moderately hard, with elevated calcium and magnesium from the limestone bedrock below, alongside noticeable iron concentration. The carbonate rock naturally releases these minerals as acidic groundwater dissolves the stone over many years. These characteristics are widespread across wells in Lehigh County.

Wells in Lehigh County commonly exceed EPA health standards for chloride, iron, radon, and several PFOA and PFOS compounds. Radon is a radioactive gas that increases lung cancer risk over time. Chloride and sulfate at elevated levels can affect people with certain health conditions. The PFOA and PFOS chemicals are human-made substances linked to thyroid disease, immune system problems, and other health concerns. Iron itself does not cause health problems at the levels found here, but it indicates the water chemistry that allows other contaminants to dissolve.

Wells in this county show moderately hard water with elevated iron, which creates rust-colored stains on sinks, toilets, and laundry. Hard water leaves white crusty buildup on faucets and fixtures. The mineral content can shorten the lifespan of water heaters and dishwashers. You may also notice a metallic or unpleasant taste in your water.

We recommend testing your well with a comprehensive metals and minerals panel because every well is different and your well may have higher or lower levels than what is common in the county. Testing is the only way to know what is actually in your water so it can be properly treated. A comprehensive panel typically costs $200-400. Treatment options include aeration systems for radon removal and activated carbon filters for PFOA and PFOS.