Well Water in Highland County: What to Test and Why

Groundwater in Highland County contains manganese, iron, and sulfate at levels that exceed EPA health standards. These contaminant levels are concerning and require attention from well owners.

The rock layers beneath Highland County naturally release these metals and minerals into the water. As groundwater moves slowly through cracks and spaces in the bedrock, it dissolves iron and manganese directly from the rock itself. Sulfate leaches out from minerals in the same formations. This is not pollution from farming or septic systems--it is a natural result of water sitting in contact with the bedrock for extended periods.

Groundwater in this county is very hard, driven by elevated calcium and magnesium from the limestone and dolomite below. Iron concentration in the water is high. The slow movement of water through the fractured bedrock means these mineral characteristics show up across most wells in the county.

Wells in Highland County commonly contain iron, manganese, and sulfate at levels exceeding EPA health standards. Iron and manganese are metals that dissolve naturally from the bedrock. Exposure to elevated manganese can harm brain development in children and affect nervous system function in adults. Manganese buildup in the body happens slowly over years of drinking contaminated water. Sulfate at high levels can cause digestive problems including diarrhea.

The water in this county is extremely hard, and the high iron levels create serious aesthetic problems. You will see thick white crusty buildup on pipes, faucets, and inside appliances. Iron stains sinks, toilets, and laundry orange-brown. The extreme hardness can shorten the lifespan of water heaters and dishwashers. You may also notice a metallic taste in the water.

We recommend testing your well because every well is different and your water may have higher or lower levels than what is common in the county. Testing is the only way to know what is actually in your well so it can be properly treated. Because multiple analytes exceed health standards, a comprehensive metals and minerals panel is recommended and typically costs $200-400. A water softener combined with iron and manganese removal filters can address these concerns.